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The Bell 47 is a two-bladed, single engine, light helicopter manufactured by Bell Helicopter. Based on the third Model 30 prototype, Bell's first helicopter designed by Arthur M. Young, the Bell 47 became the first helicopter certified for civilian use on 8 March 1946. More than 5,600 Bell 47 aircraft were produced, including those produced under license by Agusta in Italy, Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Japan, and Westland Aircraft in the United Kingdom. The Bell 47J Ranger is a modified version with a fully enclosed cabin and fuselage.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
Bell 47J Ranger
Early models varied in appearance, with open cockpits or sheet metal cabins, fabric covered or open structures, some with four-wheel landing gear. Later model D and Korean War H-13D and E types settled on a more utilitarian style. The most common model, the 47G introduced in 1953, can be recognized by the full bubble canopy, exposed welded-tube tail boom, saddle fuel tanks and skid landing gear.
The later three-seat 47H had an enclosed cabin with full cowling and monocoque tail boom. It was an attempt to market a "luxury" version of the basic 47G. Relatively few were produced.
Engines were Franklin or Lycoming vertically-mounted piston engines of 200 to 305 HP (150 to 230 kW). Seating varied from two (early 47s and the later G-5A) to four (the J and KH-4).
As of 2005, many are still in use as trainers and in agriculture.[citation needed]
In April 2011 there were 1068 registered with the FAA[3] and 15 in the UK.
Bell 47s were produced in Japan by a Bell and Kawasaki venture; this led to the Kawasaki KH-4 variant, a four-seat version of the Model 47 with a cabin similar to the Bell 47J. It differed from the "J" in having a standard uncovered tailboom and fuel tanks like the G series. It was sold throughout Asia, and some were used in Australia.
In February 2010, the Bell 47 type certificates were transferred to Scott's Helicopter Services.
OPERATIONAL HISTORY
The Bell 47 helicopter entered U.S. military service in late 1946, in a variety of versions and designations for three decades. In the Korean War, it was designated the H-13 Sioux by the U.S. Army. It has also served as the helicopter of choice for basic helicopter flight instruction in many countries.
The Batcopter from
Batman: The Movie (1966)
Two helicopter types, the 47G and the 47J Ranger, were used in the popular television series Whirlybirds from 1957 to 1960.
The "Telecopter," a Bell Model 47 rented by television station KTLA in Los Angeles, California, outfitted with a television camera, made the world's first flight by a television news helicopter on July 3, 1958, with its inventor, John D. Silva, aboard. When the television station reported that it was receiving no video, Silva exited the helicopter's cockpit to climb onto its landing skid while it hovered at 1,500 feet (457 m) so that he could investigate the microwavetransmitter bolted to its side, where he discovered that a vacuum tube had failed due to vibration and hot weather. After Silva fixed the problem overnight, the Telecopter made the world's first successful television news flight on July 4, 1958.
Batman used a Bell 47 as the "Batcopter" in Batman: The Movie in 1966.
The San Diego County Sheriff's Department used the Bell 47 when it started its law enforcement helicopter division in 1971
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had a number of Bell 47s during the Apollo program, used by astronauts as trainers for thelunar lander. Apollo 17 commander Eugene Cernan had a nearly disastrous crash into the Indian River in Florida in 1972, shortly before his flight to the moon.
A wide-body aircraft is a large airliner with two passenger aisles, also known as a widebody aircraft[1] or twin-aisle aircraft. The typical fuselage diameter is 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft. In the typical wide-body economy cabin, passengers are seated seven to ten abreast, allowing a total capacity of 200 to 850 passengers. The largest wide-body aircraft are over 6 m 20 ft wide, and can accommodate up to eleven passengers abreast in high-density configurations. By comparison, a traditional narrow-body airliner has a diameter of 3 to 4 m 10 to 13 ft, with a single aisle,and seats between two and six people abreast. Wide-body aircraft were originally designed for a combination of efficiency and passenger comfort. However, airlines quickly gave in to economic factors, and reduced the extra passenger space in order to maximize revenue and profits. Wide-body aircraft are also used for the transport of commercial freight and cargoand other special uses, described further below.
The largest wide-body aircraft, such as the Boeing 747 and Airbus A380, are known as jumbo jets due to their very large size.The Bristol Brabazon was a widebody transatlantic design that first flew in 1949 but never reached production. Following the success of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 in the late 1950s, airlines began seeking larger aircraft to meet the rising global demand for air travel. Engineers were faced with many challenges as airlines demanded more passenger seats per aircraft, longer ranges and lower operating costs. Early jet aircraft such as the 707 and DC-8 seated passengers along either side of a single aisle, with no more than six seats per row. Larger aircraft would have to be longer, higher (such as a double deck), or wider in order to accommodate a greater number of passenger seats. Engineers realized having two decks created difficulties in meeting emergency evacuation regulations, with the technology available at that time. They opted for a wider fuselage as one solution (the 747, and eventually the DC-10 and L-1011). By adding a second aisle, the wider aircraft could accommodate as many as 10 seats across.
The engineers also opted for creating "stretched" versions of the DC-8 61, 62 and 63 models, as well as longer versions of the B-707 320B and 320C models, B-727 (-200 model) and DC-9 (-30, -40, and -50 models), all of which were capable of accommodating more seats than their shorter predecessor versions. The full length double-deck solution had to wait until the twenty-first century, in the form of the Airbus A380. The widebody age began in 1970 with the entry into service of the first widebody airliner, the four-engined, double-deck Boeing 747.New trijet widebody aircraft soon followed, including the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and the Lockheed L-1011 Tristar. The first widebody twinjet, the Airbus A300, entered service in 1974. After the success of the early widebody aircraft, several successors came to market over the next two decades, including the Boeing 767, Airbus A330-A340 Series and the Boeing 777. In the jumbo category, the capacity of the Boeing 747 was not surpassed until October 2007, when the Airbus A380 entered commercial service with the nickname Superjumbo.
Airlines provided input for the In the early 1970s, following the launch of the wide-body , Boeing began considering further developments of its narrow-body trijet.Designed for short and medium length routes the three-engined was the best-selling commercial jetliner of the s and a mainstay of the U.S. domestic airline market.Studies focused on improving the -seat , the most successful 727 variant. Two approaches were considered: a stretched , and an all-new aircraft code-named The former was a cheaper derivative using the's existing technology and tail-mounted engine configuration,while the latter was a twin-engine aircraft which made use of new materials and improvements to propulsion technology which had become available in the civil aerospace industry. The would make its Farnborough Airshow debut in as the.pfdgdshgijopgk iodg0pkdg8plpgh-ldvhoklb j United Airlines provided input for the proposed which Boeing was poised to launch in late but lost interest after examining development studies for the Although the was offered to Braniff International Airways and other carriers, customer interest remained insufficient for further developmentInstead, airlines were drawn to the high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines, new flight deck technologies, lower weight, improved aerodynamics, and reduced operating cost promised by the These features were also included in a parallel development effort for a new mid-size wide-body airliner, code-named 7X7, which became the Work on both proposals accelerated as a result of the airline industry upturn in the late By development studies focused on two variants: a with seating for and a with room for over eats New features included a redesigned wing, under-wing engines, and lighter materials, while the forward fuselage, cockpit layout, and T-tail configuration were retained from the Boeing planned for the aircraft to offer the lowest fuel burn per passenger-kilometer of any narrow-body airlinerOn August Eastern Air Lines and British Airways became the first carriers to publicly commit to the when they announced launch orders totaling aircraft for the version These orders were signed in March when Boeing officially designated the aircraft as the The shorter did not receive any orders and was dropped; later fulfilled its envisioned role The was intended to be more capable and more efficient than the preceding The focus on fuel efficiency reflected airline concerns over operating costs, which had grown amid rising oil prices during the Yom Kippur War ofDesign targets included a 20 percent reduction in fuel consumption from new engines, plus an additional percent from aerodynamic improvements, versus preceding aircraft Lighter materials and new wings were also expected to improve efficiency.The maximum take-off weight was set at pounds kgwhich was pounds more than the Higher weights for improved payload capability in hot and high climates, where takeoff performance is degraded due to higher temperatures and elevations, were optional. Forward view of a Transavia Airlines , showing fuselage profile, wing dihedral, and RB211 engines The twin-engine configuration was chosen for greater fuel efficiency versus three- and four-engine designs. Launch customers Eastern Air Lines and British Airways selected the turbofan built by Rolls-Royce, which was capable of pounds-force of thrust This marked the first time that a Boeing airliner was launched with engines produced outside the U.S. Domestic manufacturer Pratt & Whitney subsequently offered the pounds-force thrust PW2]which Delta Air Lines launched with an order for 60 aircraft in November General Electric also offered its - engine early in the program, but eventually abandoned its involvement due to insufficient demand. As development progressed, the increasingly departed from its origins and adopted elements from the 767, which was several months ahead in development To reduce risk and cost, Boeing combined design work on both twinjets resulting in shared features such as interior fittings and handling characteristicsComputer-aided design, first applied on the was used for over one-third of the s design drawings.In early 1a common two-crewmember glass cockpit was adopted for the two aircraft, including shared instrumentation, avionics, and flight management systems.Cathode-ray tube (CRT) color displays replaced conventional electromechanical instruments,with increased automation eliminating the flight engineer position common to three-person cockpits.After completing a short conversion course, pilots rated on the could be qualified to fly the 767 and vice versa, owing to their design similaritie Predecessor and successor: an Air Atlantis and an Air Europe A new aft-loaded shape which produced lift across most of the upper wing surface, instead of a narrow band as in previous airfoil designs, was used for the wings. The more efficient wings had less drag and greater fuel capacity,[8] and were similar in configuration to those on the A wider wingspan than the 72produced less lift-induced drag, while larger wing roots increased undercarriage storage space and provided room for future stretched versions of the aircraft. One of the last 727 vestiges, the T-tail, was dropped in mid- in favor of a conventional tail. This avoided the risk of an aerodynamic condition known as a deep stall, and allowed for more passengers to be carried in a less tapered rear fuselage.At 155.3 feet ( in length,the was 2.1 feet longer than the and with a greater proportion of its internal volume devoted to cabin space, seating was available for 239 passengers, or 50 more than its predecessor.The fuselage cross-section, whose upper lobe was common to the 707 and was the only major structural feature to be retained from the This was mainly to reduce dragand while a wider fuselage had been considered, Boeing's market research found low cargo capacity needs and reduced passenger preference for wide-body aircraft on short-haul routes.Production and testing
Checking system diagnostics, Boeing built a final assembly line in Washington at its Renton factoryproduction, to produce the Early in the development program, Boeing, British Airways, and Rolls-Royce unsuccessfully lobbied the British aircraft industry to manufactureUltimately, about half of the aircraft's components, including the wings, nose section, and empennage, were produced in-house at Boeing facilities, and the remainder subcontracted to primarily U.S.-based companies Fairchild Aircraft made the leading edge slats, Grumman supplied the flaps, and Rockwell International produced the main fuselage Production ramp-up for the new narrow-body airliner coincided with the winding-down of the nd final assembly of the first aircraft began in January 1981.[19] British Airways was one of the first customers for the RB211-powered The prototype lled out of the Renton factory on January he aircraft, equipped with RB- completed its maiden flight one week ahead of schedule on February , The first flight was affected by an engine stall, following indications of low oil pressure.After checking system diagnostics, company test pilot John Armstrong and co-pilot Lew Wallick were able to restart the affected engine, and the flight proceeded normally thereafter.Subsequently, the embarked on a seven-day weekly flight test schedule.By this time, the aircraft had received orders from seven carriers, namely Air Florida, American Airlines, British Airways, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, Monarch Airlines, and Transbrasil The seven-month flight test program used the first five aircraft built Tasks included flight systems and propulsion tests, hot and cold weather trials, and route-proving flights Data from the program helped expedite the processAfter design issues were identified, the s exit doors received dual-spring mechanisms for easier operation, and the fuselage was strengthened for greater bird strike resistance The production aircraft was pounds lighter than originally specified, and recorded a three percent better-than-expected rate of fuel burn. This resulted in a range increase of nautical miles, and prompted Boeing to tout the aircraft's fuel efficiency characteristicsAfter 1,380 flight test hours,he R-powered received U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification on December , followed by U.K. Civil Aviation Authoritycertification on January The first delivery to launch customer Eastern Air Lines occurred on December 22, 1982, about four months after the firsteliveries. The first engines rolled out about one year later, and was delivered to Delta Air Lines on November [edit]Service entry and operations Eastern Air Lines operated the first commercial ight on January on the Atlanta-to-Tampa route.February, British Airways began using the aircraft for London-to-Belfast shuttle services, where it replaced Hawker Siddeley Triden trijets.harter carriers Monarch Airlines and Air Europe also begaoperations later that yearEarly operators noted improved reliability and quieter performance compared with previous jetliners.[ Transition courses eased pilots' introduction to the new CRT-based cockpit, and no major technical issues arose.astern Air Lines, the first operator to take delivery of confirmed that the aircraft had greater payload capability than its predecessor, along with lower operating costs through improved fuel burn and the use of a two-crewmember flight deck.ompared with the 707 and 727, the new twinjet consumed and percent less fuel per seat, respectively, on typical medium-haul flights
Airport noise regulations fueled a turnaround Eastern Air Lines began domestic operations in January 1983 and later deployed the aircraft on transcontinental routes. Despite the successful debut,ales remained stagnant for most of the a consequence of declining fuel prices and a shift to smaller aircraft in the post-deregulation U.S. market.Although no direct competitor existedseat narrow-bodies such as the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 were cheaper to acquire and carried nearly as many passengers as some airlines' three-year sales drought abated in November hen Northwest Airlines placed orders for 20 aircraft, which averted a costly production rate decrease.n December 1985, a freighter model, the 7, was announced following a launch order for 20 aircraft from UPS Airlinesand in February 1986, a freighter-passenger combi model, the 757-200M, was launched with an order for one aircraft from Royal Nepal AirlinesThe freighter model included a main deck cargo hold and entered service with UPS in SeptemberThe combi model could carry both cargo and passengers on its main deck and entered service with Royal Nepal Airlines in September In the late, increasing airline hub congestion and the onset of U.S. airport noise regulations fueled a turnaround in sales. From , airlines placed 322 orders, including a combined 160 orders from American Airlines and United Airlines. By this time, thehad become commonplace on short-haul domestic flights and transcontinental services in the U.S. and had replaced agings, Douglas DC-8s, and McDonnell Douglas DC-9s's maximum range of 3,900 nautical mileshich was over one-and-a-half times the allowed airlines to use the aircraft on longer nonstop routes.as also flown out of airports with stringent noise regulations, such as John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California] and airports with aircraft size restrictions, such as Washington National Airport near downtown Washington, D.C. The largest U.S. operators, Delta Air Lines and American Airlines, would ultimately operate fleets of over 100 aircraft each
This followed several incidents, Monarch Airlines begaharter services in Marcher while other carriers such as Lufthansa rejected the type as too large for their narrow-body aircraft needsany European charter airlines, including Air 2000, Air Holland, and LTU Internationalalso acquired the twinjet for holiday and tour package flights in the late nes, and Xinjiang Airlines used the n medium length domestic route In 1986, the FAA approved RB211-powereds for extended-range twin-engine operational performance standards (ETOPS) operations over the North Atlanticllowing precedents set by thUnder ETOPS regulations, a set of safety standards governing twinjet flights over oceans, airlines began using the aircraft for mid-range intercontinental routelthough the was not originally intended for transoceanic flights, regulators based their decision on its reliable performance record on extended transcontinental U.S. services.ETOPS certification for s equipped with PW2000 series engines was granted in In the early 1990s, the FAA and other U.S. government agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), began studying the 's wake turbulence characteristics. This followed several incidents, including two fatal crashes, in which small private aircraft experienced loss of control when flying close behind the twinjet. Smaller airliners had also suffered unexpected rolling movements when flying behind Investigators focused on the aircraft's aft-loaded wing design, which at certain points during takeoff or landing could produce wingtip vortices that were stronger than those emanating from larger 7 Other tests were inconclusive, leading to debate among government agencies, and in 1994 and 1996 the FAA updated air traffic control regulations to require greater separation behind the than other large-category jets.[came the only sub-nd (rliner to be classified as a "heavy" jet, alongside wide-body aircraft, under FAA separation rules. tretched variant
Boeing to match the passenger Production of the aked at an annual rate of aircraft in the early 1 during which upgraded models came under consideration.For over a decade, the narrow-body twinjet had been its manufacturer's only single-aisle airliner without a stretched variant, and while rumors of a long-range and stretcheded in a higher-capacity version which could take better advantage of the range.esides meeting the needs of charter customers, a larger model would enable Boeing to match the passenger lift capabilities of the with lower operating costs, and counter longer-range versions of the 185-seat Airbus a new stretched variant of the A320 narrow-body Condor became the first operator of the stretched in March In September llowing a launch order for 12 aircraft from charter carrier Condor, Boeing announced the stretched at the Farnborough Airshow The new model was a -foot (stretch of the 757-200, resulting in room for 50 more passengers and nearly 50 percent more cargohe type's design phase was intended to be the shortest in its manufacturer's history, with months from launch to certificationDue to development and cost concerns, radical upgrades such as a Next Generation-style advanced cockpit were not implementenstead, the stretched derivative received upgraded engines, enhanced avionics, and a redesigned interiorhe first rolled out on May and completed its maiden flight on August Following regulatory certification in January , the type entered service with Condor on March The 7Northwest Airlines. Sales for the type remained slow, and ultimately totaleaircraftoeing had targeted the as a potential replacement for two of its largest customers, American Airlines and United Airlines, but neither were in a financial position to commit to new aircrafvertures to other charter airlines also did not result in further ordersy November 1999, faced with diminishing sales and a reduced backlog despite the launch of the Boeing began studying a decrease inoduction ratesther developments While therogram had been financially successful, declining sales in the early s threatened its continued viabilityAirlines were again gravitating toward smaller aircraft, now mainly the and because of their reduced financial risk.n airline industry downturn and the large number of relatively young eady in service also reduced customer demand spurred by interest from Ai and Continental Airlines, Boeing reexamined the possibility of building a longer-range 7he proposed derivative would have featured auxiliary fuel tanks, plus wing and landing gear upgrades from the resulting in a higher MTOW and a potential range increase to over autical miles (owever, the proposal failed to garner any orders.] In March , Boeing delivered the first , a second-hand converted for freighter use, to DHL Aviation.The F marked the manufacturer's first foray into passenger-to-freighter conversions. Delta Air Lines 757-200 upgraded economy cabin in 3-3 layout The 757 interior allows seat arrangements of up to six per row with a single center aisle.[35] Originally
Boeing-owned aircraft was fitted with Thea variant of the e usual transportation for the Vice President of the United States. Airborne Research Integrated Experiments System – ARIES, a NASA platform for air safety and flight test program before entering service with Eastern Air Lines. After NASA purchased the aircraft into replace its was initially used to evaluate a hybrid laminar flow control system, avionics systems for the proposed Northrop YF-jet fighter, and thefly-by-wire control system Equipped with a flight deck research station, on-board laboratories, and two experimental flight decks, was used for evaluating weather information and landing approach systems, as well as runway friction tests.RIES went into storage in C-32 – the United States Air Force perates four VIP-configured under the designation , with missions including the transport of the Vice President of the United States under the callsign Air Force Two The C-32As are outfitted with a communication center, conference room, seating area, and private living quarterse USAF also operates two 45-seat for use by the U.S. State Department Foreign Emergency Support Team.ature the blue-and-white paint scheme used by the USAF for its VIP transport fleet, while the C-32Bs are painted in solid white with minimal identification markingsThe first C-32s were delivered in 1998 and repl In 2009, the Royal New Zealand Air Force flew one of iCombis to Antarctica for the first time. F-22 Flying Testbed – the first built was used ins a testbed for Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor avionics and sensor integrationThe Boeing-owned aircraft was fitted with a canard above its cockpit to simulate the jet fighter's wing sensor layout, along with a forward F-22 fuselage section with radar and other systems, and a 30-seat laboratory with communication, electronic warfare, identification, and navigation sensors Royal New Zealand Air Force Combi – the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) operates two converted to-200M standard by ST Aerospace Services for delivering equipment, medical evacuation, troop movements, and VIP transportA cargo door, upgraded auxiliary power unit, enhanced communications systems, and retractable airstairs are fitted The aircraft, which replaced twohave carried the Prime Minister of New Zealand, and flown to the ice-covered Pegasus Field near New Zealand's Scott Base in McMurdo "Ed Force One," a chartered used by Iron Maiden, as seen in Official uses of the further include serving as VIP transports for the President of Argentina under the Presidential Air Group serial Tangoand for the President of Mexico under the Mexican Air Force callsign TP01 or Transporte Presidencial 1Royal Brunei Airlinas used by the Sultan of Brunei in the before being sold to the Government of Kazakhstan in The royal family of Saudi Arabia uses a as a flying hospital. During the . presidential election, Senator John Kerry chartered from TransMeridian Airlines nicknamed "Freedom Bird" as his campaign jetDuring the 2008 U.S. presidential election, then-Senator Barack Obama charted afrom North American Airlines for the same purpose.British heavy metal band Iron Maiden chartered and customized a knamed "Ed Force One" for their "Somewhere Back in Time World Tour", of which singer Bruce Dickinson was the pilotSince the 2000s, Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban has used his personal o transport team members between Operators
American Airlines for the same purpose
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ATR aircraft were introduced A VIP version of the −500 is available with a luxury interior for executive or corporate transport. During the mid-1980s, the company investigated a 78 seat derivative of the ATR 72. This would have been powered by two Allison AE2100 turboprops (turbofans were also studied for a time) and would have had a cruising speed as high as 330kt. The ATR-82 project (as it was dubbed) was suspended when AI(R) was formed in early ed for by the takeoff conditions. glass cockpit flight deck featuring five wide LCD screens that will replace the current EFIS Electronic Flight instrument System. In addition, a multi-purpose computer will further enhance Flight Safety and operational capabilities. The new avionics, to be supplied by Thales, will also provide RNP capabilities. It will also include the new lighter and more comfortable seats and larger overhead baggage bins. The series ATR aircraft were introduced during the second half of 2010.The ATR Series launch customer is Royal Air Maroc Express (deliveries begin in July Using a temporary test rto allow operators to supplement their passengers flights with freighter flights. In Quick Change configuration,the smoke detector is equipped alongside other modifications required in order to meet the certification for full freight operations.The aircraft was equipped with substantially large cargo door at in width and 60" height,and th ATR Quick Change This version was proposed in order to meet the increasing worldwide demand of cargo and express mail markets,where the aim is to allow operators to supplement their passengers flights with freighter flights. In Quick Change configuration,the smoke detector is equipped alongside other modifications required in order to meet the certification for full freight operations.The aircraft was equipped with substantially large cargo door at in width and 60" height,and the containerized freight loading is made easy by the low door sill height located on an average 4 ft It takes minutes to convert the aircraft on ATR 42,while for ATR , it takes minutes for the same tasks. Each optimized container has cu.ft)of usable volume and maximum payload is
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