Boeing 737

The Boeing 737 is a short- to medium-range twin-engine narrow-body jet airliner. Originally developed as a shorter, lower-cost twin-engine airliner derived from Boeing's 707 and 727, the 737 has developed into a family of nine passenger models with a capacity of 85 to 215 passengers. The 737 is Boeing's only narrow-body airliner in production, with the -600, -700, -800, and -900ER variants currently being built. A re-engined and redesigned version, the 737 MAX, is set to debut in 2017.

Originally envisioned in 1964, the initial 737-100 flew in 1967 and entered airline service in February 1968.Next the lengthened 737-200 entered service in April 1968. In the 1980s Boeing launched the -300, -400, and -500 models, subsequently referred to as the Boeing 737 Classic series. The 737 Classics added capacity and incorporated CFM56 turbofan engines along with wing improvements. In the 1990s Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation with multiple changes including a redesigned wing, upgraded cockpit, and new interior. The 737 Next Generation comprises the four -600, -700, -800, and -900ER models, ranging from 102 ft (31.09 m) to 138 ft (42.06 m) in length. Boeing Business Jet versions of the 737 Next Generation are also produced.

The 737 series is the best-selling jet airliner in the history of aviation.The 737 has been continuously manufactured by Boeing since 1967 with 7,457 aircraft delivered and 3,044 orders yet to be fulfilled as of January 2013.737 assembly is centered at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington. Many 737s serve markets previously filled by 707, 727, 757, DC-9, and MD-80/MD-90 airliners, and the aircraft currently competes primarily with the Airbus A320 family.There are, on average, 1,250 Boeing 737s airborne at any given time, with two departing or landing somewhere every five seconds.

#About the 373 Family

The members of the Next-Generation 737 family -- the 737-600/-700/-800/-900ER models -- continue the 737's popularity and reliability in commercial jetliner transport. The Next-Generation family has won orders for more than 6,300 airplanes, while the combined 737 family has surpassed 10,400 orders. Boeing has delivered more than 7,400 737s, and more than 4,290 Next-Generation 737s through December 2012.

The 737 program broke the record for orders for any Boeing model in a single year, accumulating 1,124 net orders in 2012. The 737 MAX - the new engine variant of the best-selling 737 - recorded 914 of those orders, bringing total orders to date to 1,064. In addition, the Next-Generation 737 set a new single-year record with 415 deliveries to customers worldwide. The 737 program also celebrated its 10,000th order in 2012.Two Next-Generation 737s were certified and entered service in 2007.

The 737-900ER (Extended Range) was launched July 18, 2005, with an order for 30 airplanes from Indonesian carrier Lion Air. The airplane was certified by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on April 20, 2007, and validated by the Indonesian regulatory agency April 26. Lion Air received its first 737-900ER on April 27, 2007. Certification by the European Aviation Safety Agency followed on April 22, 2008.

On Jan. 31, 2006, the 737-700ER was launched with an order conversion from ANA (All Nippon Airways) for two airplanes. The derivative, inspired by the Boeing Business Jet, is designed for long-range commercial applications and has the longest range capability of any 737 family member in commercial service. FAA certification took place Feb. 1, 2007, with validation through the regulatory agency in Japan closely following. ANA received its first 737-700ER on Feb. 14, 2007 and its second Aug. 16.

#First three Next-Generation Models delivered between 1997-1998

Boeing certified and delivered the first three Next-Generation models in less than one year.

The 737-700 was launched in November 1993 with a Southwest Airlines order for 63 airplanes. On Nov. 7, 1997, the 737-700 was awarded type certification by the FAA, and the first delivery followed in December 1997. Europe's Joint Aviation Authority, or JAA, gave its validation Feb. 19, 1998.

The second model, the 737-800, was launched Sept. 5, 1994, with commitments for more than 40 airplanes. The 737-800 earned FAA certification March 13, 1998, and JAA type validation April 9. The first delivery was to German carrier Hapag-Lloyd in spring 1998.

Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) became the launch customer for the third model -- the 737-600 -- on March 15, 1995, when the airline ordered 35 airplanes. The 737-600 earned type certification from the FAA Aug. 14, 1998, and JAA validation Sept. 4. First delivery of the 737-600 went to SAS in the third quarter of 1998.

Between 1997 and 2003, Boeing offered the 737-900. Fifty-two of the airplanes were delivered to six customers. Launch customer Alaska Airlines received the first of 10 airplanes in May 2001. Customers began ordering the -900's replacement, the higher capacity, longer-range 737-900ER, in 2005. To date, the 737-900ER has logged more than 500 orders from 17 customers in 10 countries.

#Design

Boeing 737-700 showing the retracted landing gear, engine nacelles with flattened underside and triangular shape

The 737's main landing gear under the wings at mid-cabin rotate into wells in the aircraft's belly; the legs being covered by partial doors, and "brush-like" seals aerodynamically smooth (or "fair") the wheels in the wells. The sides of the tires are exposed to the air in flight. "Hub caps" complete the aerodynamic profile of the wheels. It is forbidden to operate without the caps, because they are linked to the ground speed sensor that interfaces with the anti-skid brake system. The dark circles of the tires are clearly visible when a 737 takes off, or is at low altitude.

737s are not equipped with fuel dump systems. The original aircraft were too small to require them, and adding a fuel dump system to the later, larger variants would have incurred a large weight penalty. Boeing instead demonstrated an "equivalent level of safety". Depending upon the nature of the emergency, 737s either circle to burn off fuel or land overweight. If the latter is the case, the aircraft is inspected by maintenance personnel for damage and then returned to service if none is found.

#Delivering values to customers is key

The 737 -- a short-to-medium-range airplane -- is based on a key Boeing philosophy of delivering added value to airlines with reliability, simplicity and reduced operating and maintenance costs. In addition, the newer 737 models offer a modern flight deck using the most advanced navigation technology available today. 

Airlines can choose to provide their flight crews with either the latest display format, common with models such as the 777, or opt for data format commonality with earlier 737 models.

#A family of airplanes is range of sizes

The Next-Generation 737 family is offered in four sizes, ranging from 110 to 220 seats.

The 737-600 is the smallest member of the family and can carry up to 132 passengers.

The 737-700 is capable of carrying up to 149 passengers.

The 737-800 can seat up to 189 passengers.

Finally, the 737-900ER is the longest 737, capable of carrying up to 180 passengers in a two-class layout and is certified for up to 220 passengers in a one-class layout.

#Listening to customers

Airline customers who were involved in the development of the Next-Generation 737 models delivered a very clear message: They wanted advanced technology that allows for simplicity, reliability and low cost -- not just technology for technology's sake. They also wanted flight-deck commonality with earlier 737s.

In addition to airline customers, Boeing chief mechanics and field service representatives participated in the airplanes' development.

#A bigger wing,longer range and higher speed

The 737-600/-700/-800/-900ER models incorporate a new, advanced-technology wing design that helps increase fuel capacity and efficiency, both of which increase range. On each wing, the chord is increased by about 20 inches (50 cm) and the total span by approximately 18 feet (5.5 m). The total wing area is increased by 25 percent to 1,341 square feet (125 m²), providing 30 percent more fuel capacity for a total of 6,875 U.S. gallons (26,020 L).

New-technology Blended Winglets, which are available on the 737-700, -800 and -900ER, further boost performance. The 8-foot (2.4-m)-long wingtip extensions enhance range, fuel efficiency and take-off performance while lowering carbon emissions, engine maintenance costs and noise.

The Next-Generation 737 models fly approximately 3,000 nautical miles (5,500 km), an increase of up to 900 nautical miles over earlier 737 models. This increases 737 route capabilities throughout the world. The 737-700ER equipped with nine auxiliary fuel tanks has a maximum range of 5,775 nautical miles (10,695 km).

The advanced wing airfoil design provides an economical cruise speed of .78 Mach (590 mph). The Next-Generation 737 airplanes are capable of cruising to a maximum altitude of 41,000 feet (12.5 km), compared to 37,000 feet (11.3 km) for the 737-300/-400/-500 models, and 39,000 feet (11.9 km) for the competition.

#Advanced Engine Technology

In April 2009, Boeing and CFM introduced the new CFM56-7BE engine enhancement program to coincide with 737 airframe improvements. The combination reduces fuel consumption by two percent. CFM's engine hardware changes improve airflow, and the engine runs at cooler temperatures resulting in a one percent reduction in fuel consumption. Boeing's airplane structural improvements will reduce drag, reducing fuel use by about one percent. The combined improvements also equal a two percent reduction in carbon emissions.

Depending on an engine's thrust rating, the new engine provides up to four percent lower maintenance costs.

The CFM 56-7BE engine rolled into Boeing's production line beginning in mid-2011. Boeing will introduce its airframe improvements into production as they become available, and all will be in place by late 2013.

In 2007, CFM introduced a tech insertion package for the CFM56-7B engine. The Tech Insertion engine lowers fuel consumption by one percent over the life of the engine and lowers maintenance costs by 12 percent through longer time on wing and improved durability. The Tech Insertion engine also reduces nitrous oxide emissions by 25 percent.CFM is a joint venture between General Electric Co. of the U.S. and Snecma of France. All of its engines meet strict international emissions restrictions and when efficiently integrated on the 737, meet international noise restrictions.

The original CFM56-7 engines -- which were certified by the FAA in late 1996 at 26,400 pounds of thrust -- also offer lower fuel burn and lower engine maintenance costs. The CFM56-7B has a higher thrust capability than the CFM56-3C engines powering the 737-300/-400/-500 models. To take additional advantage of the engine's increased thrust, the newer 737 models' vertical fin and horizontal stabilizer are larger.

#737 Boeing Sky interiors Debuts

Drawing from years of research inspired by the travel experience, the 737 Boeing Sky Interior features new, modern sculpted sidewalls and window reveals that draw passenger eyes to the airplane's windows, giving passengers a greater connection to the flying experience.

The new design offers larger, pivoting overhead stowage bins that add to the openness of the cabin. The bins give more passengers room to store a carry-on roll-aboard near their own seat, adding both extra convenience and extra leg room.

Boeing redesigned reading-light switches so passengers can find them more easily and avoid accidentally pressing the flight-attendant call button.

Speakers integrated into each row's passenger-service unit will improve sound and clarity of public address operations, while the new air grill is tamper-proof and improves operational security.Deliveries of the new 737 Boeing Sky Interior began in October 2010. The program marked the 500th Boeing Sky Interior delivery in early November 2012.

#Engines

737-800 engine with non-circular "hamster pouch" inlet

Engines on the 737 Classic series (300, 400, 500) and Next-Generation series (600, 700, 800, 900) do not have circular inlets like most aircraft. The 737 Classic series featured CFM56 turbofan engines, which yielded significant gains in fuel economy and a reduction in noise over the JT8D engines used on the -100 and -200, but also posed an engineering challenge given the low ground clearance of the 737. Boeing and engine supplier CFMI solved the problem by placing the engine ahead of (rather than below) the wing, and by moving engine accessories to the sides (rather than the bottom) of the engine pod, giving the 737 a distinctive non-circular air intake.

The wing also incorporated a number of changes for improved aerodynamics. The engines' accessory gearbox was moved from the 6 o'clock position under the engine to the 4 o'clock position (from a front/forward looking aft perspective). This side-mounted gearbox gives the engine a somewhat triangular rounded shape. Because the engine is close to the ground, 737-300s and later models are more prone to engine foreign-object damage (FOD). The improved CFM56-7 turbofan engine on the 737 Next Generation is 7% more fuel-efficient than the previous CFM56-3 in the 737 classics. The newest 737 variants, the 737 MAX family, are to feature CFM International LEAP-1B engines with a 1.73 m fan diameter. These engines are expected to be 10-12% more efficient than the CFM56-7B engines on the 737 Next Generation family.

#Interior

The 737 interior arrangement has changed in successive generations. The original 737 interior was restyled for the 737 Classic models using 757 designs, while 777 architecture was used for the debut of the Next Generation 737. Designed using Boeing's new cabin concepts, the latest Sky Interior features sculpted sidewalls and redesigned window housings, along with increased headroom and LED mood lighting. Larger pivot-bins similar to those on the 777 and 787 have more luggage space than prior designs. The Sky Interior is also designed to improve cabin noise levels by 2–4 dB.The first 737 equipped with the Boeing Sky Interior was delivered to Flydubai in the fourth quarter of 2010.Malaysia Airlines, TUIFly,and Continental Airlines have also taken delivery of Sky Interior-equipped 737s.

#Demonstrates continuous improvement

The Next-Generation 737 program continuously evaluates and incorporates value-added technologies and design innovations to improve performance and capabilities. Recent offerings include short-field performance enhancements to increase payload capacity and reduce takeoff and landing field length; and carbon brakes to reduce weight for improved airplane operating economics.

Other changes include leading-edge display and flight-management software that allows the airplane to fly the most restricted navigation routes through use of industry leading Required Navigation Performance. The Next-Generation 737 is the first commercial jet airplane certified for Ground Positioning System landings, which use satellite technology to make landings more efficient, accurate, and environmentally friendly.

The Next-Generation 737 flight deck is equipped with technologies such as Vertical Situation Display, which shows the current and predicted flight path of the airplane and indicates potential conflicts with terrain; and Head-Up Display, which provides pilots with "eye-level" flight and safety information. These optional features are examples of how the Next-Generation 737 is designed to reduce flight delays, enhance safety and flight-crew efficiency.

The Electronic Flight Bag and Maintenance Performance Toolbox, available through Boeing Commercial Aviation Services, are other features that increase flight and maintenance operational efficiency.

#Operators

Merpati Nusantara Airlines 737-200 Advanced at Adisucipto International Airport, Yogyakarta

Polynesian Blue 737-800 at Wellington International Airport, New Zealand

The 737 is operated by more than 500 airlines, flying to 1,200 destinations in 190 countries. With over 10,000 aircraft ordered, over 7,000 delivered, and over 4,500 still in service, at any given time there are on average 1,250 airborne worldwide. On average, somewhere in the world, a 737 takes off or lands every five seconds.Since entering service in 1968, the 737 has carried over 12 billion passengers over 120 billion km (65 billion nm), and has accumulated more than 296 million hours in the air. The 737 represents more than 25% of the worldwide fleet of large commercial jet airliners.

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Boeing737

                                            Airlines provided input for the                 
In the early 1970s, following the launch of the wide-body , Boeing began considering further developments of its narrow-body  trijet.Designed for short and medium length routes the three-engined  was the best-selling commercial jetliner of the s and a mainstay of the U.S. domestic airline market.Studies focused on improving the -seat , the most successful 727 variant. Two approaches were considered: a stretched , and an all-new aircraft code-named  The former was a cheaper derivative using the's existing technology and tail-mounted engine configuration,while the latter was a twin-engine aircraft which made use of new materials and improvements to propulsion technology which had become available in the civil aerospace industry.
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United Airlines provided input for the proposed which Boeing was poised to launch in late but lost interest after examining development studies for the Although the was offered to Braniff International Airways and other carriers, customer interest remained insufficient for further developmentInstead, airlines were drawn to the high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines, new flight deck technologies, lower weight, improved aerodynamics, and reduced operating cost promised by the  These features were also included in a parallel development effort for a new mid-size wide-body airliner, code-named 7X7, which became the  Work on both proposals accelerated as a result of the airline industry upturn in the late
By development studies focused on two variants: a  with seating for  and a  with room for over eats New features included a redesigned wing, under-wing engines, and lighter materials, while the forward fuselage, cockpit layout, and T-tail configuration were retained from the Boeing planned for the aircraft to offer the lowest fuel burn per passenger-kilometer of any narrow-body airlinerOn August  Eastern Air Lines and British Airways became the first carriers to publicly commit to the when they announced launch orders totaling  aircraft for the version These orders were signed in March  when Boeing officially designated the aircraft as the  The shorter did not receive any orders and was dropped; later fulfilled its envisioned role
The  was intended to be more capable and more efficient than the preceding  The focus on fuel efficiency reflected airline concerns over operating costs, which had grown amid rising oil prices during the Yom Kippur War ofDesign targets included a 20 percent reduction in fuel consumption from new engines, plus an additional  percent from aerodynamic improvements, versus preceding aircraft Lighter materials and new wings were also expected to improve efficiency.The maximum take-off weight  was set at pounds kgwhich was pounds more than the  Higher weights for improved payload capability in hot and high climates, where takeoff performance is degraded due to higher temperatures and elevations, were optional.
Forward view of a Transavia Airlines , showing fuselage profile, wing dihedral, and RB211 engines
The twin-engine configuration was chosen for greater fuel efficiency versus three- and four-engine designs. Launch customers Eastern Air Lines and British Airways selected the turbofan built by Rolls-Royce, which was capable of  pounds-force of thrust This marked the first time that a Boeing airliner was launched with engines produced outside the U.S. Domestic manufacturer Pratt & Whitney subsequently offered the  pounds-force thrust PW2]which Delta Air Lines launched with an order for 60 aircraft in November General Electric also offered its - engine early in the program, but eventually abandoned its involvement due to insufficient demand.
As development progressed, the  increasingly departed from its  origins and adopted elements from the 767, which was several months ahead in development To reduce risk and cost, Boeing combined design work on both twinjets resulting in shared features such as interior fittings and handling characteristicsComputer-aided design, first applied on the  was used for over one-third of the s design drawings.In early 1a common two-crewmember glass cockpit was adopted for the two aircraft, including shared instrumentation, avionics, and flight management systems.Cathode-ray tube (CRT) color displays replaced conventional electromechanical instruments,with increased automation eliminating the flight engineer position common to three-person cockpits.After completing a short conversion course, pilots rated on the  could be qualified to fly the 767 and vice versa, owing to their design similaritie
Predecessor and successor: an Air Atlantis  and an Air Europe
A new aft-loaded shape which produced lift across most of the upper wing surface, instead of a narrow band as in previous airfoil designs, was used for the  wings. The more efficient wings had less drag and greater fuel capacity,[8] and were similar in configuration to those on the  A wider wingspan than the 72produced less lift-induced drag, while larger wing roots increased undercarriage storage space and provided room for future stretched versions of the aircraft.
One of the last 727 vestiges, the T-tail, was dropped in mid- in favor of a conventional tail. This avoided the risk of an aerodynamic condition known as a deep stall, and allowed for more passengers to be carried in a less tapered rear fuselage.At 155.3 feet ( in length,the  was 2.1 feet  longer than the and with a greater proportion of its internal volume devoted to cabin space, seating was available for 239 passengers, or 50 more than its predecessor.The fuselage cross-section, whose upper lobe was common to the 707 and was the only major structural feature to be retained from the This was mainly to reduce dragand while a wider fuselage had been considered, Boeing's market research found low cargo capacity needs and reduced passenger preference for wide-body aircraft on short-haul routes.Production and testing

                                                Checking system diagnostics, 
Boeing built a final assembly line in Washington at its Renton factoryproduction, to produce the  Early in the development program, Boeing, British Airways, and Rolls-Royce unsuccessfully lobbied the British aircraft industry to manufactureUltimately, about half of the aircraft's components, including the wings, nose section, and empennage, were produced in-house at Boeing facilities, and the remainder subcontracted to primarily U.S.-based companies Fairchild Aircraft made the leading edge slats, Grumman supplied the flaps, and Rockwell International produced the main fuselage Production ramp-up for the new narrow-body airliner coincided with the winding-down of the nd final assembly of the first aircraft began in January 1981.[19]
British Airways was one of the first customers for the RB211-powered
The prototype lled out of the Renton factory on January he aircraft, equipped with RB- completed its maiden flight one week ahead of schedule on February , The first flight was affected by an engine stall, following indications of low oil pressure.After checking system diagnostics, company test pilot John Armstrong and co-pilot Lew Wallick were able to restart the affected engine, and the flight proceeded normally thereafter.Subsequently, the embarked on a seven-day weekly flight test schedule.By this time, the aircraft had received orders from seven carriers, namely Air Florida, American Airlines, British Airways, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, Monarch Airlines, and Transbrasil
The seven-month flight test program used the first five aircraft built Tasks included flight systems and propulsion tests, hot and cold weather trials, and route-proving flights Data from the  program helped expedite the processAfter design issues were identified, the s exit doors received dual-spring mechanisms for easier operation, and the fuselage was strengthened for greater bird strike resistance The production aircraft was  pounds lighter than originally specified, and recorded a three percent better-than-expected rate of fuel burn. This resulted in a range increase of  nautical miles, and prompted Boeing to tout the aircraft's fuel efficiency characteristicsAfter 1,380 flight test hours,he R-powered received U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification on December , followed by U.K. Civil Aviation Authoritycertification on January The first delivery to launch customer Eastern Air Lines occurred on December 22, 1982, about four months after the firsteliveries. The first engines rolled out about one year later, and was delivered to Delta Air Lines on November
[edit]Service entry and operations
Eastern Air Lines operated the first commercial ight on January  on the Atlanta-to-Tampa route.February, British Airways began using the aircraft for London-to-Belfast shuttle services, where it replaced Hawker Siddeley Triden trijets.harter carriers Monarch Airlines and Air Europe also begaoperations later that yearEarly operators noted improved reliability and quieter performance compared with previous jetliners.[ Transition courses eased pilots' introduction to the new CRT-based cockpit, and no major technical issues arose.astern Air Lines, the first operator to take delivery of confirmed that the aircraft had greater payload capability than its predecessor, along with lower operating costs through improved fuel burn and the use of a two-crewmember flight deck.ompared with the 707 and 727, the new twinjet consumed and  percent less fuel per seat, respectively, on typical medium-haul flights

                                                      Airport noise regulations fueled a turnaround  
Eastern Air Lines began domestic  operations in January 1983 and later deployed the aircraft on transcontinental routes.
Despite the successful debut,ales remained stagnant for most of the a consequence of declining fuel prices and a shift to smaller aircraft in the post-deregulation U.S. market.Although no direct competitor existedseat narrow-bodies such as the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 were cheaper to acquire and carried nearly as many passengers as some airlines'  three-year sales drought abated in November hen Northwest Airlines placed orders for 20 aircraft, which averted a costly production rate decrease.n December 1985, a freighter model, the 7, was announced following a launch order for 20 aircraft from UPS Airlinesand in February 1986, a freighter-passenger combi model, the 757-200M, was launched with an order for one aircraft from Royal Nepal AirlinesThe freighter model included a main deck cargo hold and entered service with UPS in SeptemberThe combi model could carry both cargo and passengers on its main deck and entered service with Royal Nepal Airlines in September
In the late, increasing airline hub congestion and the onset of U.S. airport noise regulations fueled a turnaround in  sales. From , airlines placed 322 orders, including a combined 160 orders from American Airlines and United Airlines. By this time, thehad become commonplace on short-haul domestic flights and transcontinental services in the U.S. and had replaced agings, Douglas DC-8s, and McDonnell Douglas DC-9s's maximum range of 3,900 nautical mileshich was over one-and-a-half times the  allowed airlines to use the aircraft on longer nonstop routes.as also flown out of airports with stringent noise regulations, such as John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California] and airports with aircraft size restrictions, such as Washington National Airport near downtown Washington, D.C. The largest U.S. operators, Delta Air Lines and American Airlines, would ultimately operate fleets of over 100 aircraft each

                                                               This followed several incidents,   
Monarch Airlines begaharter services in Marcher while other carriers such as Lufthansa rejected the type as too large for their narrow-body aircraft needsany European charter airlines, including Air 2000, Air Holland, and LTU Internationalalso acquired the twinjet for holiday and tour package flights in the late nes, and Xinjiang Airlines used the n medium length domestic route
In 1986, the FAA approved RB211-powereds for extended-range twin-engine operational performance standards (ETOPS) operations over the North Atlanticllowing precedents set by thUnder ETOPS regulations, a set of safety standards governing twinjet flights over oceans, airlines began using the aircraft for mid-range intercontinental routelthough the  was not originally intended for transoceanic flights, regulators based their decision on its reliable performance record on extended transcontinental U.S. services.ETOPS certification for s equipped with PW2000 series engines was granted in
In the early 1990s, the FAA and other U.S. government agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), began studying the 's wake turbulence characteristics. This followed several incidents, including two fatal crashes, in which small private aircraft experienced loss of control when flying close behind the twinjet. Smaller airliners had also suffered unexpected rolling movements when flying behind Investigators focused on the aircraft's aft-loaded wing design, which at certain points during takeoff or landing could produce wingtip vortices that were stronger than those emanating from larger 7 Other tests were inconclusive, leading to debate among government agencies, and in 1994 and 1996 the FAA updated air traffic control regulations to require greater separation behind the than other large-category jets.[came the only sub-nd (rliner to be classified as a "heavy" jet, alongside wide-body aircraft, under FAA separation rules.
tretched variant

                                             Boeing to match the passenger
Production of the aked at an annual rate of aircraft in the early 1 during which upgraded models came under consideration.For over a decade, the narrow-body twinjet had been its manufacturer's only single-aisle airliner without a stretched variant, and while rumors of a long-range and stretcheded in a higher-capacity version which could take better advantage of the  range.esides meeting the needs of charter customers, a larger model would enable Boeing to match the passenger lift capabilities of the with lower operating costs, and counter longer-range versions of the 185-seat Airbus a new stretched variant of the A320 narrow-body          
Condor became the first operator of the stretched  in March
In September llowing a launch order for 12 aircraft from charter carrier Condor, Boeing announced the stretched at the Farnborough Airshow The new model was a -foot (stretch of the 757-200, resulting in room for 50 more passengers and nearly 50 percent more cargohe type's design phase was intended to be the shortest in its manufacturer's history, with months from launch to certificationDue to development and cost concerns, radical upgrades such as a Next Generation-style advanced cockpit were not implementenstead, the stretched derivative received upgraded engines, enhanced avionics, and a redesigned interiorhe first  rolled out on May and completed its maiden flight on August Following regulatory certification in January , the type entered service with Condor on March
The 7Northwest Airlines. Sales for the type remained slow, and ultimately totaleaircraftoeing had targeted the as a potential  replacement for two of its largest customers, American Airlines and United Airlines, but neither were in a financial position to commit to new aircrafvertures to other charter airlines also did not result in further ordersy November 1999, faced with diminishing sales and a reduced backlog despite the launch of the Boeing began studying a decrease inoduction ratesther developments
While therogram had been financially successful, declining sales in the early s threatened its continued viabilityAirlines were again gravitating toward smaller aircraft, now mainly the and  because of their reduced financial risk.n airline industry downturn and the large number of relatively young eady in service also reduced customer demand spurred by interest from Ai and Continental Airlines, Boeing reexamined the possibility of building a longer-range 7he proposed derivative would have featured auxiliary fuel tanks, plus wing and landing gear upgrades from the resulting in a higher MTOW and a potential range increase to over autical miles (owever, the proposal failed to garner any orders.] In March , Boeing delivered the first , a second-hand converted for freighter use, to DHL Aviation.The F marked the manufacturer's first foray into passenger-to-freighter conversions.
Delta Air Lines 757-200 upgraded economy cabin in 3-3 layout
The 757 interior allows seat arrangements of up to six per row with a single center aisle.[35] Originally

                                                 Boeing-owned aircraft was fitted with 
Thea variant of the e usual transportation for the Vice President of the United States.
Airborne Research Integrated Experiments System – ARIES, a NASA platform for air safety and  flight test program before entering service with Eastern Air Lines. After NASA purchased the aircraft into replace its  was initially used to evaluate a hybrid laminar flow control system, avionics systems for the proposed Northrop YF-jet fighter, and thefly-by-wire control system Equipped with a flight deck research station, on-board laboratories, and two experimental flight decks, was used for evaluating weather information and landing approach systems, as well as runway friction tests.RIES went into storage in
C-32 – the United States Air Force perates four VIP-configured  under the designation , with missions including the transport of the Vice President of the United States under the callsign Air Force Two The C-32As are outfitted with a communication center, conference room, seating area, and private living quarterse USAF also operates two 45-seat for use by the U.S. State Department Foreign Emergency Support Team.ature the blue-and-white paint scheme used by the USAF for its VIP transport fleet, while the C-32Bs are painted in solid white with minimal identification markingsThe first C-32s were delivered in 1998 and repl
In 2009, the Royal New Zealand Air Force flew one of iCombis to Antarctica for the first time.
F-22 Flying Testbed – the first built was used ins a testbed for Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor avionics and sensor integrationThe Boeing-owned aircraft was fitted with a canard above its cockpit to simulate the jet fighter's wing sensor layout, along with a forward F-22 fuselage section with radar and other systems, and a 30-seat laboratory with communication, electronic warfare, identification, and navigation sensors
Royal New Zealand Air Force  Combi – the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) operates two  converted to-200M standard by ST Aerospace Services for delivering equipment, medical evacuation, troop movements, and VIP transportA cargo door, upgraded auxiliary power unit, enhanced communications systems, and retractable airstairs are fitted The aircraft, which replaced twohave carried the Prime Minister of New Zealand, and flown to the ice-covered Pegasus Field near New Zealand's Scott Base in McMurdo
"Ed Force One," a chartered  used by Iron Maiden, as seen in
Official uses of the  further include serving as VIP transports for the President of Argentina under the Presidential Air Group serial Tangoand for the President of Mexico under the Mexican Air Force callsign TP01 or Transporte Presidencial 1Royal Brunei Airlinas used by the Sultan of Brunei in the before being sold to the Government of Kazakhstan in The royal family of Saudi Arabia uses a as a flying hospital.
During the . presidential election, Senator John Kerry chartered  from TransMeridian Airlines nicknamed "Freedom Bird" as his campaign jetDuring the 2008 U.S. presidential election, then-Senator Barack Obama charted afrom North American Airlines for the same purpose.British heavy metal band Iron Maiden chartered and customized a knamed "Ed Force One" for their "Somewhere Back in Time World Tour", of which singer Bruce Dickinson was the pilotSince the 2000s, Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban has used his personal o transport team members between Operators

                                                    American Airlines for the same purpose 

                       

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